2010
Green
Investment Schemes: First experiences and lessons learned
Working Paper, April 2010, Andreas Tuerk, Dorian Frieden, Maria
Sharmina, Helmut Schreiber, Diana Ürge-Vorsatz
The
EU and the Global Climate Regime
Thomas Spencer, Kristian Tangen, Anna Korppoo,
February 2010
2009
Linking
emission trading systems - Prospects and issues for business
© UK Carbon Trust, Sep 2009
With the establishment of a global carbon market now a major policy
goal worldwide, the 'Linking emission trading systems' report,
examines the issues for business and the practicalities of its
development. The report analyses the key barriers to linking both
emerging and existing systems and presents a potential timeline
for the creation of a global company-level carbon market. The
findings should be of interest to businesses operating across
multiple regions, to policy makers preparing for international
negotiations or developing cap and trade systems and to those
wanting to stay at the forefront of issues facing cap-and-trade
systems.
Climate
Policy and Industrial Competitiveness: Ten Insights from Europe
on the EU Emissions Trading System
© The German Marshall Fund of the United States;
August 2009
This report examines the experience of the European Unions
Emission Trading System (EU ETS) and suggests key lessons relevant
to current U.S. debates, with associated recommendation.
The
UK Low Carbon Transition Plan
National strategy for climate and energy
© HM Government
2008
Climate
Change: Financing Global Forests
© Earthscan, 2008
This report commissioned by the UK Prime Minister assesses the
impact of global forest loss on climate change and explores the
future role of forests in the international climate change framework,
with particular emphasis on the role of international finance.
It includes new modelling and analysis of the global economic
impact of continued deforestation and provides a comprehensive
assessment of the opportunity and capacity-building costs of addressing
the problem. It shows that the benefits of halving deforestation
could amount to $3.7 trillion over the long term. However, if
the international community does not act, the global economic
cost of climate change caused by deforestation could amount to
$12 trillion.
A
Global Contract on Climate Change
© PIK, 2008
Despite
global and regional efforts to curb emissions, global emissions
of greenhouse gases continue to rise, largely due to the unexpectedly
high growth of fossil fuel use in emerging economies as well as
the fact that emissions continue to increase in most industrialised
countries. This trend underlines the need for global cooperative
action on climate change, with a strong focus on fostering the
decoupling of emission growth from economic development.
To Earmark or Not to Earmark?
A far-reaching debate on the use of auction revenue from (EU)
emissions trading
© Oxford Institute for Energy Studies, November
2008
Should revenue from auctioning of emission permits in the EU Emission
Trading Scheme (ETS) be earmarked (hypothecated) for
funding climate change activities, particularly in developing
countries? This question currently exercises EU decision-makers,
with the EU Commission and Parliament in favour, strongly opposed
by some Member States.
This OIES Environment Paper by Benito Müller exposes the
far-reaching consequences of this debate, and proposes a way forward
to avoid a break-down of the current UN climate change negotiations.
Proposals
for contributions of emering economies to the climate regime unter
the UNFCCC post 2012
© German Federal Environment Agency, 2008
This report provides a detailed overview of the national circumstances,
emission levels, mitigation potential and policies and measures,
for the major emerging economies including Brazil, China, India,
Mexico, South Africa and South Korea. The study explores options
for mitigation activities in these countries and elements of international
financial and non-financial support for realising these contributions.
Beyond
Bali - Strategic Issues for the Post-2012 Climate Change Regime
© Centre for European Policy Studies (CEPS),
2008
This book features contributions that examine some of the most
difficult and controversial questions that global climate change
negotiators face on the way to a "Copenhagen Protocol"
in 2009 and beyond. The different chapters explore the four principal
elements of the Bali Action Plan mitigation, adaptation,
technology and financing from different countries, stakeholders
or political perspectives. The overall aim is to further the task
of finding a new global framework for avoiding dangerous climate
change beyond 2012
Climate
policy and carbon leakage. Impacts of the European Emissions Trading
Scheme on Aluminium
© IEA, October 2008
This report explores the effects of the EU emissions trading scheme
on the aluminium sector (i.e. competitiveness loss and carbon
leakage). With its very high electricity intensity, primary aluminium
stands out in the heavy industry picture: a sector whose emissions
are not capped in the present EU ETS, European aluminium smelters
still stand to lose profit margins and, possibly, market shares,
as electricity prices increase following CO2 caps on generators
emissions - the famous pass-through of CO2 prices into electricity
prices. The analysis includes a method of quantification of this
issue, based on two indicators: profit margins and trade flows.
As the EU is at the forefront of such policy, the paper provides
policy messages to all countries on how trade exposed energy-intensive
industries can be moved by carbon constraint. This
also is a contentious topic in Australia, Japan, New Zealand,
and the US, where ambitious climate policies including
cap-and-trade systems are currently debated.
Greenhouse
gas emission trends and projections in Europe 2008
© EEA Report No 5/2008
This report presents an assessment of the current and projected
progress of EU Member States, EU candidate countries and other
EEA member countries towards their respective targets under the
Kyoto Protocol and of progress towards the EU target for 2020.
This is based on their past greenhouse gas emissions between 1990
and 2006, and the projected greenhouse gas emissions of these
countries during the Kyoto commitment period 2008-2012 and for
2020, derived from data and related information they provided
before 1 June 2008.
Global
cost estimates of reducing carbon emissions through avoided deforestation
© Georg Kindermann, Michael Obersteiner, Brent
Sohngen Jayant Sathaye, Kenneth Andrasko, Ewald Rametsteiner,
Bernhard Schlamadinger, Sven Wunder, and Robert Beach
Tropical deforestation is estimated to cause about one-quarter
of anthropogenic carbon emissions, loss of biodiversity, and other
environmental services. United Nations Framework Convention for
Climate Change talks are now considering mechanisms for avoiding
deforestation (AD), but the economic potential of AD has yet to
be addressed. We use three economic models of global land use
and management to analyze the potential contribution of AD activities
to reduced greenhouse gas emissions. AD activities are found to
be a competitive, low-cost abatement option.
International
Adaptation Finance: The Need for an Innovative and Strategic Approach
© Benito Müller, for Oxford Institute for Energy Studies,
EV 42, June 2008
Energy
in the Western Balkans: The Path to Reform and Reconstruction
© IEA, 2008
This Energy Policy Survey is the first
comprehensive review of energy policies and strategies in the
Western Balkan region, and also covers important cross-cutting
topics such as co-operation and energy trade, oil and gas transportation,
and the links between energy and poverty. It identifies and assesses
the reforms that are still needed to deliver efficient, modernised
energy systems that can assist economic development, address energy
poverty and reduce the environmental impacts of energy use.
Klimaschutz
und Biodiversität: Synergien wirksamer nutzen
Positionspapier «Biodiversität und
Klima» der Akademie der Naturwissenschaften Schweiz , Mai
2008
Zwischen Klimaschutz und der Erhaltung der Biodiversität
gibt es in vielen Bereichen Synergien, die allerdings noch nicht
gut genug genutzt werden. Das zeigt das jetzt erschienene Positionspapier
«Biodiversität und Klima», welches das Forum
Biodiversität und ProClim- der Akademie der Naturwissenschaften
Schweiz (SCNAT) zusammen mit namhaften Expertinnen und Experten
erarbeitet haben.
The
European electricity sector and the EU ETS review
© Gullberg, Anne Therese, 2008 Working Paper
2008:01. CICERO, Oslo, Norway.
The European Union Emissions Trading Scheme (EU ETS) has been
reviewed and evaluated, and this paper surveys the positions of
electricity producers and consumers on the review of the EU ETS.
More specifically, the paper examines the positions of electricity
producers and consumers on cap-setting and allocation method and
discusses to what extent the views of electricity producers and
consumers reflected in the Commission’s proposal for changes in
the Directive on emissions trading. The paper finds that the Commission’s
proposal is not in line with the positions of the electricity
producers. The electricity sector is the only sector – together
with carbon capture and storage – where the principle of auctioning
is applied from 2013. Nor did the electricity-producing sector
succeed in getting an equal burden-sharing between the trading
and non-trading sectors. The alliance of energy-intensive industries
was far more successful as the Commission’s proposal opens for
free quotas, alternatively a carbon equalisation system in the
energy-intensive sector.
Klimawandel in Bayern. Auswirkungen und Anpassungsmaßnahmen
© Carl Beierkuhnlein, Thomas Foken
Eine unter Federführung Bayreuther Forscher vorgelegte Studie
"Klimawandel in Bayern", an der Wissenschaftler mehrerer
bayerischer Hochschulen und Forschungseinrichtungen mitwirkten,
analysiert die Klimaentwicklung im Freistaat und wie Ökosysteme
und wichtige Bereiche der Gesellschaft auf die Veränderungen
reagieren werden. Zudem zeigt sie Anpassungsstrategien in verschiedenen
Bereichen auf, legt Wissensdefizite offen und entwickelt Forschungsstrategien.
Der Klimawandel ist eine der größten
Herausforderungen des 21. Jahrhunderts. Er wird sich unvermeidlich
in vielen Gebieten auswirken; das Spektrum reicht von der menschlichen
Gesundheit über die Nahrungsmittelproduktion, die Ökosysteme
bis zur politischen Stabilität. Über die Bemühungen
zur deutlichen Senkung klimaschädlicher Emissionen hinaus
ist es notwendig, Maßnahmen zur Anpassung an die Auswirkungen
des sich ändernden Klimas zu konzipieren. Durch präventives
Handeln können die nachteiligen Folgen des Klimawandels eingegrenzt
werden.
In der Studie "Klimawandel in
Bayern" wird für den Freistaat Bayern aufgearbeitet
und analysiert, wie sich das Klima entwickeln wird und wie Ökosysteme
und wichtige Bereiche der Gesellschaft auf die Veränderungen
reagieren werden. Eine Vielzahl von Experten verschiedenster Einrichtungen,
Universitäten, Forschungszentren und Behörden haben
dabei mitgewirkt. Ziel der Studie ist es, geeignete Maßnahmen
zur Eingrenzung negativer Konsequenzen frühzeitig aufzuzeigen
und aus dem heutigen Kenntnisstand heraus Konzepte zur Lenkung
der Entwicklung abzuleiten. Darüber hinaus werden Wissensdefizite
offen gelegt und Forschungsstrategien entwickelt.
Die Studie kann bestellt werden unter http://www.bayceer.uni-bayreuth.de
(25 EUR).
Corporate
Governance and Climate Change: The Banking Sector
© CERES, January 2008
This report analyzes the corporate governance and strategic approaches
of 40 of the worlds largest banks1 to the challenges and
opportunities posed by climate change. With delegates of 190 nations
meeting in Bali, Indonesia, in December 2007 to decide whether
to extend or replace the 10-year old Kyoto Protocol after 2012,
climate change has become not just a future political consideration,
but also a key driver of how global business is being conducted
today.
2007
Klimaschutz
in Deutschland: 40%-Senkung der CO2-Emissionen bis 2020 gegenüber
1990
© Umweltbundesamt, 2007
Klimaänderung
in der Schweiz: Indikatoren zu Ursachen, Auswirkungen, Massnahmen
© Bundesamt für Umwelt, 2007
Climate
change: the cost of inaction and the cost of adaptation
© EEA, 2007
This technical report reviews, analyses and discusses the methodological
issues regarding cost of inaction and cost of adaptation to climate
change modelling. We also analysed possible cost impacts of climate
change in the European economic sectors.
Report
on analysis of existing and potential investment and financial
flows relevant to the development of an effective and appropriate
international response to the climate change
© UNFCCC, August 2007
Klimaänderung
und die Schweiz 2050 - Erwartete Auswirkungen auf Umwelt, Gesellschaft
und Wirtschaft
© OcCC, 2007
Der vorliegende Bericht beschreibt mögliche Folgen und Verletzlichkeiten
von Umwelt, Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft in der Schweiz bis ins
Jahr 2050, die bis zu diesem Zeitpunkt aufgrund der durch die
Emission von Treibhausgasen verursachten Klimaänderung zu
erwarten sind.
Für verschiedene Themenbereiche werden die erwarteten möglichen
Folgen wie auch deren Wichtigkeit für Ökologie, Ökonomie
und Gesellschaft sowie mögliche Massnahmen und Anpassungsstrategien
diskutiert.
Towards
a Global CO2 Market?
© PIK, 2007
International linking of emissions trading systems represents
an important option for climate protection. The European Emissions
Trading Scheme, center pillar of the EU climate strategy, could
serve as a starting point for a global permit trading scheme.
This is the finding of a report by the Potsdam Institute for Climate
Impact Research (PIK), that was commissioned by the German Federal
Foreign Office and presented at a joint press.
Annual
European Community greenhouse gas inventory 1990-2005 and inventory
report 2007
© EEA, 2007
This report is the annual submission of the greenhouse gas inventory
of the European Community to the United Nations Framework Convention
on Climate Change. It presents greenhouse gas emissions between
1990 and 2005 by individual Member State and by economic sector.
The report shows that between 2004 and 2005 emissions in the 15
pre-2004 Member States decreased by 35.2 million tonnes or 0.8%
and total EU-27 emissions decreased by 0.7%. EU-15 emissions in
2005 were 2% below base year levels under the Kyoto Protocol and
EU-27 emission were 7.9% below 1990 levels.
International
Strategies to Address Competitiveness Concerns
© Working Paper, Climate Strategies, 6
July 2007
If countries and regions implement climate policy with significantly
different CO2 price signals, then this might result in leakage
and competitiveness distortions. The workshop discussed methodologies
and empirical data to assess which sub-sectors could be affected
and what strategies would be available post 2012 to address concerns
in these sub-sectors.
The workshop build on the results of previous round tables on
investment security, and on sectoral agreements and output based
allocation to address competitiveness concerns. The role of export
taxes and border adjustment as means to address leakage concerns
was also discussed.
International
Sectoral Agreements in a Post-2012 Climate Framework
© Pew Center on Global Change, 2007
This paper examines international sectoral agreements as an element
of a post-2012 climate change framework. It is part of a Pew Center
series expanding on key recommendations of the Center's Climate
Dialogue at Pocantico.
Emissions
of greenhouse gases in the transport sector are steadily increasing
© EEA, 2007
Improvements within energy efficiency of different means of transport
and the introduction of renewable fuels are not sufficient to
offset the growth of transport volumes. This tendency threatens
both Europe's and individual EU Member State's progress towards
their Kyoto targets. Therefore, additional policy initiatives
and instruments are needed.
Shaping
the Global Arena: Preparing the EU Emissions Trading Scheme for
the post-2012 Period
© CEPS, March 2007
Having been underway for more than two years, the review of the
EU Emissions Trading Scheme (EU ETS) is entering a decisive phase
with the European Commission’s recent announcement that it will
table formal proposals in the second half of 2007. Based on an
assessment of the EU ETS, this new CEPS Task Force Report tests
the performance of four different design models (a cap-and-trade
system based on free allocation, benchmarks, auctioning and a
credit-and-baseline system) against 10 criteria under three headings:
environmental effectiveness, economic efficiency and the contribution
of the ETS to achieving long-term climate change policy objectives.
Klimaänderung
und die Schweiz 2050
© ProClim, 2007
Der nun vorliegende Bericht beschreibt mögliche Folgen und
Verletzlichkeiten von Umwelt, Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft in der
Schweiz bis ins Jahr 2050, die bis zu diesem Zeitpunkt aufgrund
der durch die Emission von Treibhausgasen verursachten Klimaänderung
zu erwarten sind.
2006
Stern
Review on the Economics of Climate Change
October 2006
Read
to Link Up? Implications of Design Differences for Linking Domestic
Emissions Trading Schemes
© JET-SET Working Paper 01/06
New
Renewables Global Status Report 2006
© REN21, July 2006
The Renewable Energy Policy Network (REN21)
updated its Global Status Report showing trends in renewable investment
and policies worldwide.
Report
on the current state of National Research Programmes on Climate
Change Impacts and Adaptation in Europe
© Circle, 2006
Transport
and environment: facing a dilemma
© EEA Report No 3/2006
This report represents a summary of 10 selected
issues from the EEA's TERM (transport and environment reporting
mechanism) set of transport and environment integration indicators.The
objective is to indicate some of the main challenges to reducing
the environmental impacts of transport, and to make suggestions
for improving the environmental performance of the transport system
as a whole. The report examines 10 key issues which need to be
addressed in the coming years. These issues are derived from seven
policy questions that form the backbone of TERM. As with previous
TERM reports, this report evaluates the indicator trends in terms
of progress towards existing objectives and targets. This is carried
out using EU policy documents and various transport and environmental
directives.
World
Energy Outlook 2006
© IEA, 2006
2005
IPCC
Special Report on Carbon dioxide Capture and Storage
© IPCC, 2005
CO2
price dynamics. The implications of EU emissions trading for the
price of electricity
© ECN, 2005
2004
Observed
Impacts of Global Climate Change in the U.S.
© Pew Center on Global Climate Change, November 2004.
This report assesses the scientific evidence
compiled to date on the observed ecological effects of climate
change in the United States and their consequences. It evaluates
the strength of that evidence and the relationships between observed
biological changes and human activities. Although many species
and ecological systems of interest have yet to be studied (often
due to inherent limitations of available data) and the attribution
of ecological changes to a particular cause remains challenging,
a number of robust findings emerge from this report.
Impacts
of Europe's changing climate
© EEA, August 2004
The impacts of climate change on Europe's environment
and society are shown in this report. Past trends in the climate,
its current state and possible future changes are presented using
22 selected indicators. For almost all of these a clear trend
exists and impacts are already being observed. The report highlights
the need to develop strategies at European, national, regional
and local level for adapting to climate change.
Economic
and Environmental Effectiveness of a Technology-based Climate
Protocol
© FEEM 2004, by Barbara Buchner and Carlo Carraro
The present stalemate in climate negotiations
has led policy analysts and economists to explore the possible
emergence of alternative climate regimes. This paper explores
the idea of replacing international cooperation on greenhouse
gas emission control with international cooperation on climate-related
technological innovation and diffusion.
Cosmic
Rays, Carbon Dioxide and Climate
Jan. 2004, © PIK, by Stefan Rahmstorf et. al.
2003
Climate
: Into the 21st century
2003 © WMO, compilation of insights by leading experts
Climate
Change & The Financial Services Industry (Module 1
Threats and Opportunities)
July 2003, © UNEP
Global
problems, global science -Europe's contribution to global change
research
May 2003, © ESF Scientific Forward Look on Earth System Science
Practical
Issues Concerning Temporary Carbon Credits in the CDM
2003, © Michael Dutschke, Bernhard Schlamadinger, HWWA DISCUSSION
PAPER 227
Welt
im Wandel Energiewende zur Nachhaltigkeit
April. 2003, © WBGU
Tough
justice for small nations: How strategic behaviour can influence
the enforcement of the Kyoto Protocol
2002
Building
on the Kyoto Protocol: Options for Protecting the Climate
Oct. 2002, © World Ressource Institute
Experts from around the world explore options
for strengthening the Kyoto Protocol and Climate Convention, including
proposals to engage both developed and developing countries in
protecting the climate.
Opportunities
and risks of climate change
Dec. 2002, © Swiss Re
In this new publication Swiss Re discusses possible
conclusions that can be drawn from climate change. The publication
uses specific examples to illustrate that climate change does
not only imply a potential increase in extreme levels, but above
all a change in average, "normal" weather conditions.
Its authors show that damage caused by small shifts in normal
weather conditions can assume the proportions of natural catastrophes
(© Pro Clim, 04.12.02)
This publication can be downloaded in English and German.
Climate
Change & The Financial Services Industry (Module 1
Threats and Opportunities)
July 2002, © UNEP
Prepared for the UNEP Finance Initiatives Climate Change Working
Group by Innovest Strategic Value Advisors
Financial losses resulting from natural disasters seem to be doubling
each decade and have reached $1 trillion over the last 15 years,
but few financial companies are taking seriously the risks associated
with the related problem of climate change.
Climate Change & the Financial Services Industry - Summary
July 2002, © UNEP
2001
The
climate regime from The Hague to Marrakech: Saving or sinking
the Kyoto Protocol?
by Suraje Dessai, December 2001 Tyndall Centre Working Paper 12
This paper describes and analyses the development
of the climate regime from the COP meetings at The Hague to Marrakech.
It discusses the issues, Parties positions and the general outcome.
Analysis of the events is performed by distilling the positive
and negative aspects of the accords and using theories of international
relations. The paper concludes with some thoughts on where the
climate regime will likely head towards in the coming years.
Rejecting
Kyoto - A study of proposed alternatives to the Kyoto Protocol
by Benito Müller, Axel Michaelowa, Christiaan Vrolijk, Climate
Strategies 2001.
Keeping
Kyoto - A study of approaches to maintaining the Kyoto Protocol
on Climate Change
by Michael Grubb, Jean-Charles Hourcade, Sebastian Oberthur; Climate
Strategies 2001.
IPCC
Third Assessment Report: Climate Change 2001:
- Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis
- Climate Change 2001: Impacts, Adaptation
& Vulnerability
- Climate Change 2001: Mitigation
- Climate Change 2001: Synthesis Report
IPCC Special Reports (html):
Climate
impact of the Kyoto Protocol with and without the U.S.
by Cathrina Hagem and Bjart Holtsmark
CICERO June 2001
The
Political and Economic Costs of a Fully Verifiable Kyoto Protocol
by Michael Obersteiner, Mathias Jonas and Sten Nilson,
IIASA, Interim Report IR-00-062,